Free study guides by subject
210 GCSE and A-Level topic guides with interactive diagrams, 3D models, key definitions, flashcards, and worked mark-scheme questions. Or turn your own notes into a study sheet.
GCSE Study Guides
GCSE Biology
Master GCSE Biology with free study guides covering cells, genetics, ecology, and more.
GCSE Chemistry
Study GCSE Chemistry topics from atomic structure to organic chemistry with free flashcards.
GCSE Physics
Revise GCSE Physics: electricity, waves, forces, energy, and radioactivity.
GCSE Maths
Free GCSE Maths revision guides covering algebra, trigonometry, probability, and geometry.
GCSE Geography
Revise GCSE Geography topics: tectonics, weather, rivers, and coastal landscapes.
GCSE Economics
Free GCSE Economics guides covering markets, supply and demand, and government policy.
A-Level Study Guides
A-Level Biology
Advanced A-Level Biology guides: protein synthesis, ecology, genetic engineering, and more.
A-Level Chemistry
A-Level Chemistry revision: organic mechanisms, equilibria, and electrochemistry.
A-Level Physics
A-Level Physics guides covering circular motion, quantum physics, and electric fields.
A-Level Maths
A-Level Maths revision: differentiation, integration, and vectors.
A-Level Economics
A-Level Economics guides: macroeconomic policy, international trade, and globalisation.
A-Level Psychology
A-Level Psychology revision: memory, attachment theory, and social influence.
Core Science & Economics Guides
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Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the endothermic reaction inside plant and algal chloroplasts that converts light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose. Understanding how the light-dependent reactions on the thylakoid membranes supply ATP and NADPH to the light-independent Calvin cycle in the stroma, alongside how light intensity, CO₂, and temperature act as limiting factors, covers the core exam questions on this topic.
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Cellular Respiration: Steps & Stages
Aerobic cellular respiration breaks down glucose through four linked stages: glycolysis in the cytoplasm, followed by the link reaction, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation via the electron transport chain inside the mitochondria. Learning where each stage occurs, what enters and leaves, and how reduced NAD and FAD drive ATP synthesis makes every exam question on respiration straightforward.
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Mitosis vs Meiosis
Mitosis and meiosis are the two types of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells. Mitosis involves 1 division that produces 2 genetically identical diploid daughter cells for growth and tissue repair, whereas meiosis involves 2 divisions (meiosis I and II) that produce 4 genetically distinct haploid gametes for sexual reproduction.
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Newton's Laws of Motion
Published in 1687, Newton's three laws of motion form the foundation of classical mechanics across GCSE and A-Level Physics. They relate the forces acting on a body to its state of motion: equilibrium when resultant force is zero (First Law), acceleration proportional to resultant force via F = ma (Second Law), and equal and opposite interaction pairs between two bodies (Third Law).
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Supply and Demand
The supply and demand model explains how prices and quantities are determined in a competitive market. Demand shows the quantity buyers are willing and able to purchase at each price, supply shows the quantity firms are willing and able to offer, and the intersection of the two curves establishes the market equilibrium price and quantity.
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The Water Cycle
The global hydrological (water) cycle is a closed system in which water continuously circulates between the oceans, atmosphere, and land without any water entering or leaving the planet. Solar energy drives evaporation and transpiration into the atmosphere, while condensation and gravity return water to the surface as precipitation, infiltration, and river runoff.
Complete topic index (210 guides)
GCSE Biology
- Enzymes & Biological Catalysts
- Animal & Plant Cell Structure
- DNA, Genes & Inheritance
- The Nervous System & Reflexes
- Homeostasis & Body Temperature
- Ecosystems, Food Chains & Webs
- Evolution & Natural Selection
- The Immune System & Vaccination
- Aerobic & Anaerobic Respiration
- Xylem, Phloem, Transpiration & Translocation
- Osmosis, Diffusion & Active Transport
- The Human Digestive System & Required Food Tests
- The Heart, Blood Vessels & Coronary Heart Disease
- Alveoli, Ventilation & Gas Exchange in the Lungs
- Pathogens: Viral, Bacterial, Fungal & Protist Diseases
- Monoclonal Antibodies & Plant Disease Detection
- Cancer, Lifestyle Risk Factors & Non-Communicable Disease
- The Endocrine System, Blood Glucose & Diabetes
- Hormones in Human Reproduction, Menstrual Cycle & IVF
- Plant Hormones: Auxins, Phototropism, Gravitropism & Gibberellins
- The Brain, The Eye, Accommodation & Body Temperature Control
- Kidney Structure, Ultrafiltration, Selective Reabsorption & ADH
- Sexual vs Asexual Reproduction, Genetic Crosses & Inherited Disorders
- Selective Breeding, Genetic Engineering & Cloning
- Classification, Fossils, Extinction & Antibiotic Resistance
- Carbon Cycle, Decomposition, Trophic Levels & Biodiversity
GCSE Chemistry
- Atomic Structure & The Periodic Table
- Ionic, Covalent & Metallic Bonding
- Acids, Bases & pH
- Rates of Reaction & Catalysts
- Electrolysis & Ionic Compounds
- Crude Oil, Hydrocarbons & Polymers
- Moles, Relative Formula Mass & Calculations
- Earth's Atmosphere & Climate Change
- Ionic, Covalent & Metallic Bonding and Properties
- Diamond, Graphite, Graphene, Fullerenes & Nanoparticles
- The Reactivity Series, Extraction of Metals & Displacement
- Making Soluble Salts, Neutralisation & Strong vs Weak Acids
- Exothermic & Endothermic Reactions, Reaction Profiles & Bond Energy Calculations
- Reversible Reactions, Dynamic Equilibrium & Le Chatelier's Principle
- Crude Oil, Hydrocarbons, Alkanes & Fractional Distillation
- Cracking, Alkenes, Addition & Condensation Polymerisation
- Alcohols, Carboxylic Acids, Esters & Biological Polymers
- Chromatography, Rf Values, Pure Substances & Common Gas Tests
- Flame Tests, Precipitate Tests for Cations & Anion Tests
- Evolution of the Earth's Atmosphere, Greenhouse Effect & Pollutants
- Potable Water, Desalination, Wastewater Treatment & Life Cycle Assessments
- The Haber Process, Compromise Conditions & NPK Fertilisers
- Corrosion, Rust Prevention, Alloys, Glass, Ceramics & Composites
GCSE Physics
- Circuits, Current, Voltage & Resistance
- Waves: Properties, EM Spectrum & Sound
- Energy Stores, Transfers & Conservation
- Forces, Motion & Momentum
- Radioactivity, Half-Life & Nuclear Decay
- Magnetism & Electromagnetism
- The Solar System, Stars & The Universe
- Particle Model, Density & Pressure
- Specific Heat Capacity, Specific Latent Heat & Thermal Insulation
- Renewable & Non-Renewable Energy Resources and Power Stations
- Mains Electricity, AC vs DC, Three-Core Plugs & The National Grid
- Static Electricity, Charging by Friction & Electric Field Patterns
- Density Required Practical, Internal Energy & Particle Motion in Gases
- Radioactive Half-Life Graphs, Contamination vs Irradiation, Fission & Fusion
- Distance-Time & Velocity-Time Graphs, Acceleration & Terminal Velocity
- Stopping Distance, Thinking vs Braking Distance, Momentum & Crash Safety
- Hooke's Law Required Practical, Spring Constant & Elastic Potential Energy
- Moments, Principle of Moments, Levers, Gears & Pressure in Fluids
- The Electromagnetic Spectrum: Order, Wavelengths, Uses & Hazards
- Refraction of Waves, Convex & Concave Lenses, and Infrared Radiation
- Magnetic Fields, Solenoids, Fleming's Left-Hand Rule & The Electric Motor
- Electromagnetic Induction, Alternators, Dynamos & Transformer Equations
- The Life Cycle of Stars, Orbital Motion, Red-Shift & The Big Bang Theory
GCSE Maths
- Algebra: Solving Equations & Inequalities
- Trigonometry: SOH CAH TOA & Sine Rule
- Probability & Statistics Basics
- Quadratic Equations & The Quadratic Formula
- Geometry: Angles, Shapes & Proofs
- Laws of Indices, Fractional & Negative Powers, and Simplifying Surds
- Standard Form Calculations, Upper & Lower Bounds, and Error Intervals
- Percentage Change, Compound Interest, Depreciation & Reverse Percentages
- Ratio Sharing, Algebraic Direct Proportion & Inverse Proportion Equations
- Solving Linear & Quadratic Simultaneous Equations Algebraically and Graphically
- Linear & Quadratic Inequalities and Shading Graphical Regions
- Arithmetic Sequences, Quadratic nth Term & Geometric Sequences
- y = mx + c, Gradients, Midpoints & Parallel and Perpendicular Lines
- Composite Functions fg(x), Inverse Functions f⁻¹(x) & Graph Transformations
- All 8 GCSE Circle Theorems with Step-by-Step Angle Proofs
- Pythagoras in 3D, The Sine Rule, The Cosine Rule & Area of a Triangle ½ab sin C
- Column Vectors, Vector Geometry & Collinear Vector Proofs
- Volume & Surface Area of Cylinders, Cones, Spheres, Pyramids & Frustums
- Congruent Triangles & Similar Shapes: Length, Area (k²) & Volume (k³) Scale Factors
- Tree Diagrams, Venn Diagrams, Set Notation & Conditional Probability
- Histograms with Frequency Density, Cumulative Frequency Curves & Box Plots
- Simplifying Algebraic Fractions, Solving Equations & Rigorous Algebraic Proof
GCSE Geography
- Tectonic Hazards: Earthquakes & Volcanoes
- Weather, Climate & Climate Change
- Rivers, Flooding & Coastal Landscapes
- Urbanisation, Megacities, Urban Regeneration & Sustainable Cities
- Ecosystems, Tropical Rainforest Deforestation & Hot Desert Adaptations
- Glacial Processes: Freeze-Thaw, Plucking, Corries, Arêtes & Drumlins
- Development Indicators, Demographic Transition Model & Closing the Development Gap
- Global Resource Management: Food, Water & Energy Security
- GCSE Geography Fieldwork Enquiries, Sampling Strategies & OS Map Skills
GCSE Economics
- Market Structures & Competition
- Government Intervention in Markets
- Price Elasticity of Demand (PED) & Price Elasticity of Supply (PES) Calculations
- Economies of Scale, Fixed vs Variable Costs, Total Revenue & Profit
- The Labour Market, Wage Determination, Trade Unions & Minimum Wage
- Role of Money, Commercial vs Central Banks & Interest Rate Transmission
- GDP, Economic Growth, Types of Inflation (CPI) & Unemployment Causes
- Exchange Rate Fluctuations (SPICED), Free Trade vs Protectionism & Current Account
A-Level Biology
- Protein Synthesis: Transcription & Translation
- Ecology: Succession & Nutrient Cycles
- Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology
- The Heart & Circulatory System
- Biological Molecules: Carbohydrates, Glycosidic Bonds, Triglycerides & Phospholipids
- Protein Primary-Quaternary Structure, Biuret Test, ATP & Properties of Water
- DNA Structure, Semi-Conservative Replication & Meselson-Stahl Experiment
- Fluid Mosaic Model, Helped Diffusion, Co-Transport of Glucose & Osmosis Water Potential
- Antigens, Phagocytosis, T-Cells, B-Cells, Monoclonal Antibodies, HIV & ELISA
- Surface Area to Volume Ratio, Countercurrent Flow in Fish Gills & Insect Tracheoles
- Haemoglobin Structure, Cooperative Binding, Oxygen Dissociation Curves & The Bohr Shift
- Cohesion-Tension Theory in Xylem & Mass Flow Hypothesis of Translocation in Phloem
- Directional vs Stabilising Selection, Species Diversity Index Formula & Courtship Behaviour
- Photoionisation, Chemiosmosis, Photolysis & The Calvin Cycle (RuBP, GP, TP)
- Glycolysis, Link Reaction, Krebs Cycle & Electron Transport Chain ATP Yield
- Resting Potential, Depolarisation, Saltatory Conduction & Cholinergic Synapses
- Sarcomere Banding (A, I, H Zones), Tropomyosin, Ca²⁺ Ions & Sliding Filament Theory
- Epigenetics (Methylation & Acetylation), Transcription Factors, siRNA, PCR & Gel Electrophoresis
A-Level Chemistry
- Organic Reaction Mechanisms
- Chemical Equilibria & Le Chatelier's Principle
- Redox Reactions & Electrochemistry
- Subshells (s, p, d), Ionisation Energy Trends & Time-of-Flight (TOF) Mass Spectrometry
- VSEPR Shapes of Molecules, Bond Angles, Electronegativity & Hydrogen Bonding
- Enthalpy of Formation/Combustion, Calorimetry q = mcΔT, Hess's Law & Born-Haber Cycles
- Entropy (ΔS), Gibbs Free Energy (ΔG = ΔH - TΔS) & Temperature Feasibility
- Rate Equations (Rate = k[A]ᵐ[B]ⁿ), Rate-Determining Step & The Arrhenius Equation
- Mole Fractions, Partial Pressures & Equilibrium Constant Kp Calculations
- Bronsted-Lowry Acids, Kw, Weak Acid Ka, pH Titration Curves & Buffer Solution Calculations
- Transition Metal Complexes, Ligand Substitution, Chelate Effect, Colorimetry & Catalysis
- Nucleophilic Substitution vs Elimination in Halogenoalkanes & Ozone Depletion
- Nucleophilic Addition to Carbonyls, Tollens'/Fehling's Tests, Esters & Acylation
- Kekule vs Delocalised Benzene Model, Nitration & Friedel-Crafts Acylation
- Basicity of Amines, Zwitterions in Amino Acids, Polyamides/Polyesters & Cisplatin
- Proton (¹H) & Carbon-13 (¹³C) NMR Splitting Patterns, TMS, IR Spectroscopy & GC-MS
- Group 2 Alkaline Earth Metals, Group 7 Halide Reducing Power & Period 3 Oxides with Water
A-Level Physics
- Circular Motion & Gravitational Fields
- Quantum Physics & Wave-Particle Duality
- Electric Fields & Capacitance
- Quarks, Leptons, Baryons, Mesons, Conservation Laws & Feynman Diagrams
- Superposition, Stationary Waves on Strings, Young's Double-Slit & Diffraction Gratings
- Resolving Forces on Inclined Planes, Projectile Motion SUVAT & Elastic/Inelastic Collisions
- Tensile Stress, Tensile Strain, Young Modulus Experiment & Brittle vs Ductile Graphs
- Kirchhoff's Laws, Potential Dividers, Thermistors/LDRs, EMF & Internal Resistance E = I(R + r)
- Simple Harmonic Motion Equations, Mass-Spring & Pendulum Systems, Damping & Resonance
- Ideal Gas Law pV = nRT, Boyle's Law, Root Mean Square Speed & Kinetic Theory Assumptions
- Newton's Law of Gravitation, Gravitational Potential, Kepler's 3rd Law & Geostationary Orbits
- Capacitance C = Q/V, Energy Stored ½CV², Time Constant RC & Exponential Decay Graphs
- Force on a Current F = BIL, Circular Motion of Charges F = Bqv, Hall Probe & Cyclotrons
- Magnetic Flux Linkage NΦ, Faraday's & Lenz's Laws, rms Voltage/Current & Transformers
- Rutherford Alpha Scattering, Exponential Decay N = N₀e⁻ᵏᵗ, Mass Defect & Binding Energy per Nucleon
- Refracting/Reflecting Telescopes, Stefan's/Wien's Laws, Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram & Hubble's Law
A-Level Maths
- Differentiation: Rules & Applications
- Integration: Techniques & Applications
- Vectors in 2D and 3D
- Proof by Contradiction, Algebraic Division & Partial Fractions
- Arithmetic & Geometric Series, Sum to Infinity & Recurrence Relations
- Binomial Expansion for Negative & Fractional Powers & Validity
- Exponentials, Logarithms & Linearising Non-Linear Data
- Parametric Equations, Cartesian Conversion & Parametric Calculus
- First-Order Differential Equations, Separation of Variables & Modelling
- Change of Sign, Cobweb/Staircase Iteration, Newton-Raphson & Trapezium Rule
- 2D & 3D Vectors, Position Vectors, Geometric Proofs & Vector Kinematics
- Coordinate Geometry of Circles, Tangents, Normals & Circle Theorems
- Functions, Domain & Range, Composite/Inverse & Modulus Graphs
- Variable Acceleration (Calculus) & 2D Projectile Motion
- Connected Particles, Pulleys, Inclined Planes with Friction & Moments
- Conditional Probability, Normal Approximation & PMCC Hypothesis Testing
A-Level Economics
- Macroeconomic Policy: Fiscal, Monetary & Supply-Side
- International Trade & Globalisation
- Demand, Supply, Elasticities (PED, YED, XED, PES), Total Revenue & Tax Incidence
- Production, Diminishing Returns, Costs, Revenue, Profit & Economies of Scale
- Labour Markets: MRP Theory, Elasticities, Monopsony, Trade Unions & Minimum Wage
- Poverty & Inequality: Absolute vs Relative, Lorenz Curve, Gini Coefficient & Redistribution
- Behavioural Economics: Bounded Rationality, Cognitive Biases, Choice Architecture & Nudges
- Circular Flow of Income, AD/AS, The Multiplier & The Accelerator Theory
- Economic Growth, Inflation (MV=PQ), Unemployment & The Phillips Curve
- Financial Markets, Bond Yields, Commercial Banks, Central Banks & Monetary Transmission
- Balance of Payments, Exchange Rate Systems, Marshall-Lerner Condition & J-Curve
- Development Economics: HDI, Harrod-Domar Model, Prebisch-Singer, Aid, Debt & Market vs Intervention
A-Level Psychology
- Memory: Models, Types & Forgetting
- Attachment Theory: Bowlby & Ainsworth
- Social Influence: Conformity & Obedience
- Conformity (Types & Explanations), Asch's Line Study & Zimbardo's Prison Study
- Obedience (Milgram, Situational & Dispositional), Resistance & Minority Influence
- Approaches in Psychology: Behaviourist, SLT, Cognitive, Biological, Psychodynamic & Humanistic
- Research Methods: Experimental Designs, Variables, Sampling, Reliability & Validity
- Levels of Measurement, Choosing Statistical Tests, Sign Test & Type I/II Errors
- Issues & Debates: Gender/Culture Bias, Free Will vs Determinism, Nature-Nurture & Reductionism
- Schizophrenia: Classification, Dopamine, Family Dysfunction & Therapies
- Relationships: Sexual Selection, Attraction, set, Rusbult's Investment Model & Duck's Breakdown
- Forensic Psychology: Offender Profiling, Biological/Eysenck/Differential Association & Treatment
- Aggression: Limbic System, Testosterone, MAOA, Ethology, Institutional & Media
- Cognition & Development: Piaget, Vygotsky, Baillargeon & Theory of Mind
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